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OwnershipAI age · 2 years ago

Nearest moment to 2025: 2025, Alaska Permanent Fund dividend falls to $1,000.

Alaska Permanent Fund dividend falls to $1,000

The 2025 dividend is $1,000, the lowest in five years and the smallest inflation-adjusted in the fund's history. The 2024 dividend was about $1,700.

Source: Alaska Public Media

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Scene: Frontier exascale supercomputer, Oak Ridge, OLCF at ORNL, 2022 CC BY 2.0

Capital share · 1929 to 2025today 49.1%

1.11Half-owner society

Capital share of income: 49.1%; in 2025
Nonfarm Business Sector: Labor Share for All Workers: 95.73; in 2025; 1.0× today
Shares of gross domestic income: Compensation of employees, paid: 50.9; in 2025

Nearest moment to 2025: 2025, Alaska Permanent Fund dividend falls to $1,000.

The chronicleAI age2 years ago

Ownership

Alaska Permanent Fund dividend falls to $1,000

The 2025 dividend is $1,000, the lowest in five years and the smallest inflation-adjusted in the fund's history. The 2024 dividend was about $1,700.

Source: Alaska Public Media

Capital share · 1929 to 202549.1% in 2025today 49.1%

Capital share of income: 49.1%2025; today's levelFRED A4002E1A156NBEA
Nonfarm Business Sector: Labor Share for All Workers: 95.73index 2017=100 · 2025; 1.0× todayFRED PRS85006173
Shares of gross domestic income: Compensation of employees, paid: 50.9%2025; today's levelFRED A4002E1A156NBEA

1.11Half-owner society

Forecast zone

16 sourced forecasts

Scene: Frontier exascale supercomputer, Oak Ridge, OLCF at ORNL, 2022 CC BY 2.0

1.0x

Reduce motion

At this moment

Capital share of income

49.1% in 2025

1 minus labor share. Source: FRED A4002E1A156NBEA

Nonfarm Business Sector: Labor Share for All Workers

95.73 in 2025

Index 2017=100. Source: FRED PRS85006173

Shares of gross domestic income: Compensation of employees, paid

50.9 in 2025

Percent. Source: FRED A4002E1A156NBEA

Market Yield on U.S. Treasury Securities at 10-Year Constant Maturity, Quoted on an Investment Basis

4.18 in 2025

Percent. Source: FRED DGS10

272 of 272 moments shown. Each links to its source.

Industrial age1700 to 1869 · 25

Jan 1711
Britain chartered the company in January 1711 to consolidate national debt, with creditors swapping about 9 million pounds of government debt for shares. In 1713 it gained the asiento slave-trade monopoly.
Source: Wikipedia
1720
South Sea shares rose from about 128 pounds in January 1720 to a 1,000 pound peak in early August, then fell to about 100 by year end. The Bubble Act of June 1720 limited joint-stock companies to those with an Act of Parliament or royal charter, until 1825.
Source: Wikipedia
1733
John Kay patented the flying shuttle in 1733, roughly doubling weaving productivity because one weaver could do work that needed two. It was seen as a threat to weavers' livelihoods and Kay's patent was largely ignored.
Source: Wikipedia
1764
James Hargreaves built the spinning jenny around 1764 to 1765, first with eight spindles and later up to 120. Falling yarn prices angered Blackburn spinners, who smashed his machines and drove him to Nottingham in 1768.
Source: Wikipedia
1769
James Watt's 1769 patent for a separate condenser produced an engine using about 75% less fuel than a similar Newcomen engine. Boulton and Watt began producing engines in partnership in 1775.
Source: Wikipedia
1771
Richard Arkwright's Cromford Mill is described as the world's first water-powered cotton spinning mill. It started with 200 workers, mostly women and children, the youngest aged seven. The article's infobox gives 1772 for the start of running day and night.
Source: Wikipedia
May 17, 1792
Twenty-four stockbrokers signed the Buttonwood Agreement outside 68 Wall Street on May 17, 1792. They agreed to trade only with each other at a commission of 0.25%, the date the NYSE counts as its founding.
Source: Wikipedia
Jul 12, 1799
The Combination Act 1799 received royal assent on 12 July 1799. It made combinations of workmen to change wages, hours or output a misdemeanour, effectively outlawing unions and collective bargaining.
Source: Wikipedia
1801
A regulated subscription room created in 1801 became London's first regulated exchange, and on the first day of trading a constable had to remove non-members. The Capel Court building was finished on 30 December 1801.
Source: Wikipedia
Mar 11, 1811
The Luddite movement began at Arnold, Nottinghamshire, on 11 March 1811. Parliament later made frame breaking a capital crime, and about 12,000 troops were used against Luddite activity.
Source: Wikipedia
1817
Ricardo's book (first published 1817) opens by saying the earth's produce is divided among three classes of the community: the landowners, the owners of capital, and the laborers.
Source: Library of Economics and Liberty
Aug 16, 1819
On 16 August 1819 cavalry charged a reform rally of about 60,000 at St Peter's Field, Manchester. The commonly cited toll is 18 dead and 400 to 700 injured.
Source: Wikipedia
Jun 21, 1824
The 1800 Combination Act was repealed on 21 June 1824 after lobbying by Francis Place. A 1825 act followed a wave of strikes and allowed unions but sharply limited their activities.
Source: Wikipedia
Aug 28, 1830
The first threshing machine was destroyed at Lower Hardres, Kent, on 28 August 1830. Nearly 2,000 protesters were tried, 252 sentenced to death (19 hanged) and 481 transported.
Source: Wikipedia
Aug 28, 1833
The Slavery Abolition Act received royal assent on 28 August 1833. West Indian slave-owners were to collectively receive £20 million in compensation for the loss of enslaved people treated as property, about 40% of 1833 government spending, while the formerly enslaved received nothing.
Source: The History of Parliament
Aug 29, 1833
Royal assent on 29 August 1833. Children under 9 were barred from most textile factories, children 9 to 13 limited to 8 hours a day, and a Home Office factory inspectorate was created.
Source: Wikipedia
Mar 1834
Farm workers in Tolpuddle refused to work for less than 10 shillings a week after wages fell to 7. They were sentenced in March 1834 to seven years' transportation and pardoned in March 1836.
Source: Wikipedia
Mar 1842
In March 1842 Chief Justice Lemuel Shaw of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court held that labor unions were not illegal in themselves: 'A labor combination to raise wages is not inherently illegal.'
Source: Wikipedia
Dec 21, 1844
The Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers opened its store on Toad Lane on 21 December 1844. By the end of its first year it had 80 members and 182 pounds of capital.
Source: Wikipedia
1847
The Factories Act 1847 limited textile-mill work for women and young persons to 63 hours a week from 1 July 1847 and 58 from 1 May 1848, cutting the day from 12 hours to 10.
Source: Wikipedia
Feb 21, 1848
Published in London on 21 February 1848. It states that 'the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles'.
Source: Wikipedia
Aug 14, 1855
Royal assent on 14 August 1855. It was the first act to expressly allow limited liability for companies formed by the general public in England, Wales and Ireland, for companies with more than 25 members.
Source: Wikipedia
May 20, 1862
Approved May 20, 1862. Claimants could acquire a quarter section (160 acres) for a ten dollar fee after five years of residence or cultivation.
Source: National Archives
1867
Volume I appeared in 1867 from Otto Meissner in Hamburg. It argues that workers' unpaid labor is 'the ultimate source of surplus value and profit'.
Source: Wikipedia
May 10, 1869
The last spike was driven at Promontory Summit, Utah, on May 10, 1869. Federal 6% bonds paid 16,000 to 48,000 dollars per mile and land grants totaled about 130 million acres.
Source: Wikipedia

Gilded age and wars1870 to 1944 · 37

1870
Rockefeller incorporates Standard Oil in Ohio with $1 million in capital divided into 10,000 shares, the base for the era's most concentrated industry ownership.
Source: Wikipedia
Sep 18, 1873
Jay Cooke & Company declares bankruptcy; by November 55 US railroads had failed and about 18,000 businesses failed from 1873 to 1875. US unemployment peaked at 8.25% in 1878.
Source: Wikipedia
Jul 14, 1877
Workers block freight trains at Martinsburg, West Virginia after the B&O's third wage cut in a year, a 10 percent cut. The strike lasted 52 days and an estimated 126 to 160 people were killed.
Source: Wikipedia
1879
George argues rising land values let landowners capture the gains of progress that would otherwise raise wages, and proposes a single tax on land value. The book reportedly sold at least six million copies by 1936.
Source: Wikipedia
Jan 2, 1882
Investors pool securities in dozens of companies under nine trustees in a trust valued at $70 million. Standard controlled about 90% of US refining capacity in 1880.
Source: Wikipedia
May 4, 1886
A rally in Chicago for the eight-hour day ends in a bomb blast and gunfire that kill seven police officers and at least four civilians. Eight anarchists were convicted and four hanged on November 11, 1887.
Source: Wikipedia
Dec 8, 1886
Forty-two delegates from 13 national unions found the AFL in Columbus, Ohio, and elect Samuel Gompers president. Membership first passed 250,000 in 1892.
Source: Wikipedia
Jul 2, 1890
Congress outlaws arrangements "in restraint of trade or commerce among the several States" and attempts to "monopolize". The Senate passed it 51 to 1 and the House 242 to 0.
Source: National Archives
Jul 6, 1892
Strikers repel Pinkerton agents hired by Carnegie Steel's Henry Clay Frick, who sought a 22% wage cut. The strike failed and the Amalgamated Association was severely weakened.
Source: Wikipedia
May 11, 1894
About 4,000 Pullman workers walk out after wage cuts of roughly 20 to 30 percent. The Debs-led boycott reached about 250,000 workers and ended when about 12,000 federal troops were sent in July.
Source: Wikipedia
May 26, 1896
The industrial average debuts with 12 stocks at a starting value of 40.94, a single number for the value of owning industry.
Source: Wikipedia
Mar 2, 1901
J.P. Morgan merges Carnegie Steel, Federal Steel and National Steel into a firm capitalized at $1.4 billion, often called the first billion-dollar corporation.
Source: Wikipedia
Oct 1907
The Knickerbocker Trust suspends on October 22 and J.P. Morgan organizes private rescue funds. Trust companies lost over 36% of deposits and the episode spurred the monetary reform that led to the Fed.
Source: Federal Reserve History
Mar 25, 1911
A fire at the Triangle Waist Factory in New York City kills 146 people within 18 minutes, becoming a spur for workplace safety reform.
Source: Cornell University ILR School
May 15, 1911
The Supreme Court finds Standard Oil of New Jersey violated the Sherman Act and orders the combination dissolved, adopting the "rule of reason". The Justice Department had sued in 1906.
Source: Wikipedia
Feb 3, 1913
Ratification gives Congress power "to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived" without apportionment. In 1913 under 1 percent of the population paid the tax, at 1 percent of net income.
Source: National Archives
Oct 7, 1913
The moving assembly line begins at Highland Park, cutting Model T labor from 12.5 man-hours to 1 hour 33 minutes per car, an eightfold productivity gain.
Source: Wikipedia
Dec 23, 1913
Wilson signs the act creating the US central bank with 12 regional Reserve Banks. The final Senate vote on the conference report was 43 to 25.
Source: Wikipedia
Jan 5, 1914
Ford announces it will double wages to $5 a day, partly as profit sharing, against a turnover rate of 370 percent. Assembly time per Model T had fallen from 12.5 hours to 93 minutes.
Source: The Henry Ford
Oct 15, 1914
Wilson signs the act, whose Section 6 states "the labor of a human being is not a commodity or article of commerce" and exempts unions from antitrust. Gompers called it "Labor's Magna Charta".
Source: Wikipedia
Sep 8, 1916
Section 201 of the Revenue Act of 1916 enacts the modern US estate tax, taxing inherited wealth.
Source: Wikipedia
Sep 22, 1919
Roughly 300,000 to 365,000 steelworkers strike in an effort to organize U.S. Steel. It collapsed on January 8, 1920, which the article calls "a complete rout".
Source: Wikipedia
Oct 1929
The Dow fell nearly 13 percent on October 28 and nearly 12 percent on October 29. It bottomed at 41.22 on July 8, 1932, 89 percent below its September 1929 peak.
Source: Federal Reserve History
1932
The book argues dispersed shareholding separates ownership from control, which "has destroyed the unity that we commonly call property".
Source: Wikipedia
May 27, 1933
The first major federal law regulating the sale of securities requires issuers to register offerings and disclose material information, replacing a patchwork of state blue sky laws.
Source: Wikipedia
Jun 16, 1933
Roosevelt signs the Banking Act of 1933, separating commercial from investment banking and creating the FDIC, with initial deposit insurance up to $2,500.
Source: Federal Reserve History
Feb 1934
Long proposes capping fortunes at $100 million and giving every family a $5,000 household estate. By 1935 the society reported over 7.5 million members in about 27,000 clubs.
Source: Wikipedia
Jun 6, 1934
Roosevelt signs the act establishing the Securities and Exchange Commission and requiring periodic reports from public companies.
Source: Wikipedia
Jul 5, 1935
Roosevelt signs the act: "Employees shall have the right to self-organization, to form, join, or assist labor organizations". Airlines, railroads, agriculture and government employers were excluded.
Source: National Archives
Aug 14, 1935
Roosevelt signs the act creating old-age insurance funded by a payroll tax split between employers and employees, plus state unemployment insurance. Agricultural and domestic workers were excluded at first.
Source: Wikipedia
Dec 30, 1936
UAW workers occupy GM plants for 44 days, ending February 11, 1937 with GM recognizing the union. UAW membership grew from 30,000 to 500,000 within a year.
Source: Wikipedia
Jun 25, 1938
Roosevelt signs the act creating a federal minimum wage, overtime pay of one and a half times the hourly rate above 40 hours, and limits on child labor.
Source: Wikipedia
Aug 22, 1940
The act becomes the primary regulation for mutual funds, requiring registration and disclosure and limiting self-dealing.
Source: Wikipedia
1942
Schumpeter's 431-page book popularizes "creative destruction", innovation as the driver of growth even as it erodes established monopoly positions.
Source: Wikipedia
Jun 9, 1943
The act reintroduces federal income tax withholding, requiring employers to deduct income taxes from pay and remit them to the government.
Source: Wikipedia
Jun 22, 1944
President Roosevelt signed the Servicemen's Readjustment Act on June 22, 1944. Within seven years about eight million veterans received educational benefits.
Source: National Archives
Jul 1944
Delegates from 44 nations met in July 1944 and created the IMF and the World Bank. The system fixed exchange rates around the U.S. dollar and gold.
Source: Office of the Historian, U.S. State Department

Postwar boom1945 to 1999 · 50

1945
Hayek argues in the American Economic Review that dispersed local knowledge plus prices beat central planning.
Source: Econlib
Feb 1946
Truman signed the act in February 1946, committing the federal government to pursue "maximum employment, production, and purchasing power."
Source: Encyclopedia.com
Jan 1, 1947
Under the Coal Industry Nationalisation Act 1946, the National Coal Board took over the productive assets of 800 or more private colliery undertakings on vesting day, 1 January 1947. The employees' service contracts moved to the Board at the same time.
Source: Science Museum Group Collection
1947
The BLS series starts in 1947. Labor share was mostly 60 to 66 percent in the postwar era and has been in sustained decline since 2000.
Source: BLS
Jun 23, 1947
Congress overrode Truman's veto on June 23, 1947. The act outlawed closed shops, let states pass right-to-work laws, and barred wildcat strikes and secondary boycotts.
Source: Wikipedia
1952
Harry Markowitz's paper in the Journal of Finance (March 1952) founded modern portfolio theory, the math behind diversified ownership of capital.
Source: Wikipedia
Mar 1955
Simon Kuznets's March 1955 American Economic Review paper proposed that inequality first rises and then falls as an economy develops, the inverted U later called the Kuznets curve.
Source: Wikipedia
Dec 5, 1955
The two federations merged into the AFL-CIO on December 5, 1955, uniting U.S. organized labor at roughly the height of its membership share.
Source: Wikipedia
1956
Louis Kelso devised the ESOP in 1956 so employees of a closely held newspaper chain could buy out its retiring owners.
Source: Wikipedia
1957
Solow's 1957 paper "Technical change and the aggregate production function" calculated that about four-fifths of growth in U.S. output per worker came from technical progress.
Source: Wikipedia
1958
Louis Kelso and Mortimer Adler's 1958 book (Random House) set out the economic theory behind broad employee capital ownership.
Source: Wikipedia
Sep 14, 1960
President Eisenhower signed the REIT Act on September 14, 1960 so investors of every size could share in large portfolios of income-producing real estate.
Source: Nareit
1961
Nicholas Kaldor's 1961 paper held that labor and capital income shares stay roughly steady over decades, a benchmark later tested against the labor share.
Source: Wikipedia
1962
The University of Chicago Press book proposed replacing welfare programs with a negative income tax, "giving everyone a guaranteed minimum income."
Source: Wikipedia
Jun 10, 1963
The act, approved June 10, 1963, prohibits sex-based wage discrimination between men and women in the same establishment.
Source: U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
Mar 22, 1964
An ad hoc committee including Linus Pauling and Gunnar Myrdal warned on March 22, 1964 that cybernation would bring "almost unlimited productive capacity" while cutting the need for labor, and urged income redistribution.
Source: Wikipedia
Apr 19, 1965
Gordon Moore's article in Electronics (April 19, 1965) predicted a doubling of transistors every year for the next 10 years; he revised it in 1975 to about every two years.
Source: Intel
1968
The first U.S. negative income tax trial ran 1968 to 1972 and observed 1,357 families.
Source: Wikipedia
1970
Milton Friedman's 1970 New York Times Magazine essay argued the one social responsibility of business is to use its resources to increase profits, within open competition "without deception or fraud."
Source: Wikipedia
Feb 8, 1971
Nasdaq began operations on February 8, 1971 as the world's first fully electronic stock market, initially a quotation system.
Source: Wikipedia
Aug 15, 1971
In an address on August 15, 1971 Nixon suspended the dollar's convertibility into gold and announced a 90-day freeze on prices and wages and a 10 percent import surcharge.
Source: Office of the Historian, U.S. State Department
Oct 30, 1972
The Social Security Amendments of 1972, signed October 30, 1972, federalized state aid for the needy aged, blind and disabled. Payments began in January 1974.
Source: Wikipedia
1974
Manitoba's Mincome ran 1974 to 1979. In Dauphin, a town of about 10,000, any resident could apply and benefits fell 50 cents per dollar earned.
Source: Wikipedia
Sep 2, 1974
President Ford signed ERISA on Labor Day, September 2, 1974. It set pension vesting rules and created the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation.
Source: Wikipedia
1975
The EITC was enacted on a temporary basis in the Tax Reduction Act of 1975 (P.L. 94-12). "The maximum credit amount was $400."
Source: Congressional Research Service
May 1, 1975
Vanguard was established May 1, 1975 and is owned by the funds it manages, "and is therefore owned by its customers."
Source: Wikipedia
1976
Established in 1976 by a state constitutional amendment, the fund "preserves Alaska's nonrenewable mineral and oil wealth."
Source: Alaska Permanent Fund Corporation
May 4, 1976
The Mitbestimmungsgesetz of 4 May 1976 gives employees codetermination rights in companies that usually employ more than 2,000 workers. Their supervisory boards must seat equal numbers of shareholder and employee members.
Source: Federal Ministry of Justice, Gesetze im Internet
Aug 31, 1976
Bogle launched the First Index Investment Trust (now the Vanguard 500 Index Fund) on August 31, 1976. He aimed to raise $50 to $150 million and took in roughly $11 million.
Source: Vanguard
Oct 1976
Their paper in the Journal of Financial Economics (October 1976) defined agency cost as the deviation of the agent's actions from the principal's interest, grounding the shareholder-value view of managers.
Source: Wikipedia
Nov 6, 1978
Congress enacted Section 401(k) as part of the Revenue Act on November 6, 1978, shifting retirement saving from employer pensions toward individual accounts.
Source: Wikipedia
Oct 1979
In October 1979 the FOMC announced it would target reserve growth rather than the fed funds rate, and interest rates spiked through 1980.
Source: Federal Reserve History
1981
Jack Welch, GE chairman and CEO from 1981, gave the speech "Growing fast in a slow-growth economy" in New York, often acknowledged as the dawn of the shareholder value movement.
Source: Wikipedia
Aug 3, 1981
PATCO struck on August 3, 1981. Reagan said strikers who did not return within 48 hours "have forfeited their jobs," and about 11,345 were dismissed on August 5.
Source: Wikipedia
Aug 12, 1981
IBM unveiled the Personal Computer on August 12, 1981 at $1,565 with 16 KB of RAM, putting computing on individual desks.
Source: IBM
Aug 13, 1981
Reagan signed the act on August 13, 1981. It cut the top marginal income tax rate from 70 percent to 50 percent and lowered rates across the board.
Source: Wikipedia
1982
The Permanent Fund Dividend program began in 1982 with a payout of $1,000 per eligible resident.
Source: Wikipedia
Nov 17, 1982
The SEC adopted Rule 10b-18 in Release 34-19244 (November 17, 1982), granting issuers a safe harbor from manipulation liability for open-market repurchases that meet its conditions.
Source: Federal Register (govinfo)
Jan 26, 1983
Lotus 1-2-3 was released January 26, 1983 and sold 175,000 copies in its first year, automating clerical calculation.
Source: Wikipedia
Nov 1983
Sweden's parliament adopted the wage-earner fund law in November 1983, after the 1975 Meidner plan sought gradual transfer of large-firm ownership to employees. The funds bought listed shares financed by a 20 percent profit-sharing tax.
Source: Wikipedia
Nov 1984
In November 1984 the government offered 50.2 percent of the new company for sale to the public and employees.
Source: Wikipedia
Oct 22, 1986
Reagan signed the act on October 22, 1986, cutting the top individual rate from 50 percent to about 28 percent.
Source: Wikipedia
Oct 19, 1987
On October 19, 1987 the Dow Jones Industrial Average dropped 22.6 percent in a single session, the first contemporary global financial crisis.
Source: Federal Reserve History
1993
The 1993 law made executive pay above $1 million non-deductible unless performance-based, and options grew from under a quarter of executive pay in 1990 to about half by 2000.
Source: Wikipedia
Jan 1, 1994
NAFTA, signed December 17, 1992, took effect January 1, 1994, integrating U.S., Canadian and Mexican trade.
Source: Wikipedia
Aug 9, 1995
Netscape went public August 9, 1995, priced at $28 after a last-minute doubling, and closed its first day at $58.25.
Source: Wikipedia
Aug 22, 1996
Clinton signed the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act on August 22, 1996, replacing AFDC with TANF and capping federally funded benefits at five years.
Source: Wikipedia
May 15, 1997
Amazon went public May 15, 1997 at $18 per share on Nasdaq, raising $54 million.
Source: Wikipedia
Sep 23, 1998
On September 23, 1998 fourteen firms put up $3.625 billion for 90 percent of LTCM, which held about $30 of debt per $1 of capital.
Source: Federal Reserve History
Nov 1999
Signed in November 1999, the act "repealed large parts of the Glass-Steagall Act," which had separated commercial and investment banking since 1933.
Source: Federal Reserve History

Digital age2000 to 2016 · 48

Mar 10, 2000
The NASDAQ Composite peaked on March 10, 2000 at 5,048.62, then fell about 78 percent by October 2002.
Source: Wikipedia
Jun 7, 2001
Public Law 107-16, approved June 7, 2001, is the first of the Bush-era tax cut laws, passed as a budget reconciliation act.
Source: GovInfo (U.S. Government Publishing Office)
Sep 2001
NBER Working Paper 8467 finds top income and wage shares followed a U-shape over the century, and that top capital incomes in the late 1990s were still below their pre-World War I level. The authors suggest steep progressive taxation kept large fortunes from recovering.
Source: NBER
Dec 2, 2001
Enron filed for Chapter 11 on December 2, 2001. Nearly 62 percent of its employees' savings plan was tied to Enron stock bought at about $83 that was close to worthless at filing.
Source: Wikipedia
Dec 11, 2001
The WTO states that China has been a member since 11 December 2001, opening US manufacturing to import competition later linked to job losses.
Source: World Trade Organization
Jul 30, 2002
Public Law 107-204, approved July 30, 2002, states its purpose as "to protect investors by improving the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures."
Source: GovInfo (U.S. Government Publishing Office)
May 28, 2003
Public Law 108-27, approved May 28, 2003, cut the top long-term capital gains rate from 20 to 15 percent and taxed qualified dividends at those lower rates.
Source: GovInfo (U.S. Government Publishing Office)
2004
Nordhaus, "Schumpeterian Profits in the American Economy" (NBER w10433), finds innovators capture about 2.2 percent of the total social surplus from innovation; the rest goes to consumers. The brief marks the exact figure to verify.
Source: NBER
Aug 18, 2004
Google's prospectus dated August 18, 2004 offered 19,605,052 Class A shares at $85. Class B shares carry ten votes each versus one for Class A.
Source: U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
Feb 14, 2005
Chad Hurley, Steve Chen and Jawed Karim founded YouTube on February 14, 2005. Google bought it for $1.65 billion in stock in a deal finalized November 13, 2006.
Source: Wikipedia
Nov 2, 2005
AWS announced Mechanical Turk on November 2, 2005, a web services API that lets software hand tasks to human workers, which it called "Artificial Artificial Intelligence."
Source: Amazon Web Services
Mar 14, 2006
Amazon S3 launched in the United States on March 14, 2006, the first of the AWS infrastructure services that made storage and compute rentable by the hour.
Source: Wikipedia
Aug 17, 2006
Public Law 109-280, approved August 17, 2006, includes Sec. 902, "Increasing participation through automatic contribution arrangements," which backed 401(k) auto-enrollment.
Source: GovInfo (U.S. Government Publishing Office)
Jan 9, 2007
Apple announced the iPhone on January 9, 2007 at $499 for 4GB and $599 for 8GB. Steve Jobs called it "literally five years ahead of any other mobile phone."
Source: Apple Newsroom
Jun 27, 2008
Airbnb's S-1 states: "We were incorporated on June 27, 2008 as AirBed & Breakfast, Inc.," a Delaware corporation built on renting out owned homes.
Source: U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
Jul 10, 2008
The App Store opened July 10, 2008 through iTunes 7.7 with over 500 native applications, more than 125 of them free.
Source: Apple Newsroom
Sep 15, 2008
Lehman filed on September 15, 2008 with $639 billion in assets and $613 billion in debt, the largest US bankruptcy on record; the Dow fell more than 500 points that day.
Source: HISTORY
Oct 3, 2008
Public Law 110-343, approved October 3, 2008, authorized Treasury to purchase troubled assets, starting at $250 billion outstanding and rising to $700 billion.
Source: GovInfo (U.S. Government Publishing Office)
Oct 31, 2008
Satoshi Nakamoto's "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System" proposed electronic cash that moves between parties "without going through a financial institution."
Source: Satoshi Nakamoto Institute
Nov 25, 2008
The Federal Reserve announced on November 25, 2008 it would buy up to $100 billion of GSE direct obligations and up to $500 billion of mortgage-backed securities.
Source: Federal Reserve Board
Mar 18, 2009
The FOMC statement of March 18, 2009 added up to $750 billion of agency MBS purchases, for up to $1.25 trillion that year, plus up to $300 billion of longer-term Treasuries.
Source: Federal Reserve Board
Jan 21, 2010
On January 21, 2010 the Supreme Court held: "Austin is overruled, and thus provides no basis for allowing the Government to limit corporate independent expenditures."
Source: Cornell Legal Information Institute
May 2010
Uber (then UberCab, founded March 2009) began a beta in May 2010 and launched publicly in San Francisco in 2011, helping scale app-based gig work.
Source: Wikipedia
May 6, 2010
On May 6, 2010 a 75,000-contract E-Mini sell program (about $4.1 billion) executed in 20 minutes; over 20,000 trades in 300+ securities hit prices more than 60 percent from prior values. Indices closed about 3 percent lower.
Source: SEC and CFTC staff report
Jun 28, 2010
Tesla's prospectus dated June 28, 2010 offered 13,300,000 shares at $17.00 on Nasdaq under TSLA, opening ownership of the company to public investors.
Source: U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
Jul 21, 2010
Public Law 111-203, approved July 21, 2010, aims to improve accountability in the financial system, end "too big to fail" and end taxpayer-funded bailouts.
Source: GovInfo (U.S. Government Publishing Office)
Mar 11, 2011
2011 Wisconsin Act 10 was enacted March 11, 2011. It ended public-sector bargaining over pensions and health care, capped raises at inflation and exempted police and fire unions.
Source: Wisconsin State Legislature
Aug 20, 2011
Marc Andreessen's Wall Street Journal essay of August 20, 2011 argued "Software is eating the world," with software firms taking over large parts of the economy.
Source: Andreessen Horowitz
Sep 17, 2011
The protest began September 17, 2011 in Zuccotti Park, Manhattan; its slogan "We are the 99%" contrasted the wealthiest 1 percent with everyone else.
Source: Wikipedia
2012
Krizhevsky, Sutskever and Hinton's paper trained a network with about 60 million parameters on 1.3 million images and reported 18.9 percent top-5 error on ImageNet LSVRC-2010 test data.
Source: NeurIPS Proceedings
Apr 5, 2012
Public Law 112-106, approved April 5, 2012, created an equity crowdfunding exemption capping issuers at $1,000,000 per 12 months and investors at $100,000.
Source: GovInfo (U.S. Government Publishing Office)
Apr 9, 2012
Facebook announced on April 9, 2012 it would acquire Instagram for "approximately $1 billion in a combination of cash and shares of Facebook."
Source: Meta (Facebook Newsroom)
May 17, 2012
Facebook priced 421,233,615 Class A shares at $38 on May 17, 2012, 180,000,000 from the company and 241,233,615 from selling stockholders, roughly $16 billion in total.
Source: Meta (Facebook Newsroom)
Nov 29, 2012
On November 29, 2012 over 100 fast-food workers in New York City struck for higher wages and the right to unionize without retaliation, the start of the Fight for $15.
Source: Wikipedia
Jun 2013
NBER Working Paper 19136 reports the global labor share has "significantly declined since the early 1980s," roughly half of it attributed to the falling relative price of investment goods.
Source: NBER
Sep 2013
Oxford Martin School paper estimating "about 47 per cent of total US employment is at risk" of computerisation, with wages and education negatively related to risk.
Source: Oxford Martin School
Jan 2014
The W. W. Norton book argues machines now automate cognitive work and links technology to rising "spread" (inequality), including a shift toward capital income over labor income.
Source: Wikipedia
Feb 19, 2014
Facebook announced on February 19, 2014 a deal worth about $16 billion ($4 billion cash, about $12 billion stock) plus $3 billion in restricted stock units for WhatsApp staff.
Source: Meta (Facebook Newsroom)
Apr 15, 2014
Harvard University Press released the English edition on April 15, 2014. Its thesis: when the return on capital (r) exceeds growth (g), wealth concentrates.
Source: Wikipedia
Jun 2, 2014
Seattle's City Council voted 9-0 on June 2, 2014 for a $15 minimum wage phased in over three to seven years depending on business size and benefits.
Source: NBC News
Jul 22, 2014
The Ethereum Foundation opened a 42-day public ether sale on July 22, 2014, from 2000 ETH per BTC falling to 1337 ETH per BTC, ending September 2.
Source: Ethereum Foundation Blog
Mar 2015
Robinhood, founded April 18, 2013 by Vladimir Tenev and Baiju Bhatt, launched its mobile app officially in March 2015 after a December 2014 beta; coverage described it as free trading.
Source: Wikipedia
Dec 2015
OpenAI began in December 2015 as a nonprofit; "a total of $1 billion in capital was pledged," though only $133 million had been received by 2021.
Source: Wikipedia
Jan 27, 2016
Sam Altman's January 27, 2016 post sought one researcher to run a five-year study giving people enough money to live on with no conditions.
Source: Y Combinator
Mar 2016
AlphaGo beat Lee Sedol 4-1 in a match in Seoul in March 2016, watched by more than 200 million people worldwide.
Source: Google DeepMind
Jun 5, 2016
On June 5, 2016 Swiss voters held the first national vote on a basic income; campaigners proposed 2,500 francs per adult and 625 per child monthly, and the initiative was rejected.
Source: Basic Income Earth Network
Nov 4, 2016
One of Elon Musk's earlier universal basic income comments, listed in a roundup of his UBI quotes.
Source: Business Insider
Dec 20, 2016
Yle reported on December 20, 2016 that Kela randomly chose 2,000 unemployed people to receive 560 euros per month for two years from January 1, 2017.
Source: Yle

AI age2017 to 2026 · 96

2017
Finland launches a two-year trial in which 2,000 people drawn at random from unemployment benefit recipients receive 560 euros a month, with no conditions and no tax.
Source: Toolbox Finland
Feb 2017
Musk says "some kind of universal basic income is going to be necessary."
Source: Business Insider
Jun 12, 2017
Vaswani and seven coauthors post "Attention Is All You Need," introducing the Transformer, a sequence model built entirely on attention that drops recurrence and convolution and trains faster.
Source: arXiv
Dec 22, 2017
Public Law 115-97 (H.R. 1), the 2017 tax reconciliation act known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, is approved on December 22, 2017.
Source: GovInfo (U.S. Government Publishing Office)
Aug 2, 2018
Apple's shares pass $207.04, making it the first publicly listed US company valued at $1 trillion. TNW credits US tax changes that let Apple bring back tens of billions held overseas.
Source: The Next Web
Aug 19, 2019
181 CEOs sign a new Statement on the Purpose of a Corporation that replaces shareholder-primacy principles and commits them to serve all stakeholders: customers, employees, suppliers, communities and shareholders.
Source: Business Roundtable
Sep 12, 2019
Andrew Yang says his campaign will give 10 families $1,000 a month for a year as a case study for his Freedom Dividend, a proposed $1,000 monthly check to every adult, with Alaska's oil dividend cited as a model.
Source: ABC News
Mar 27, 2020
Public Law 116-136, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act, is approved on March 27, 2020; its table of contents lists Sec. 2201, 2020 recovery rebates for individuals.
Source: GovInfo (U.S. Government Publishing Office)
Apr 3, 2020
BLS reports total nonfarm payroll employment fell by 701,000 in March 2020 and the unemployment rate rose 0.9 point to 4.4 percent, the first sign of the pandemic job losses.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
May 8, 2020
BLS reports nonfarm payrolls fell by about 20.5 million in April 2020 and the unemployment rate reached 14.7 percent.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
May 28, 2020
"Language Models are Few-Shot Learners" describes GPT-3, an autoregressive language model with 175 billion parameters.
Source: arXiv
Nov 2020
Early returns on November 4, 2020 show Prop. 22 leading 58 to 42, with more than $204 million raised. It classifies app-based drivers as independent contractors with a guaranteed wage and some benefits, countering AB5.
Source: ABC7 News
Feb 25, 2021
Coinbase files a Form S-1 on February 25, 2021 for a direct listing of Class A shares on the Nasdaq under the symbol COIN, with existing holders selling and no underwritten IPO.
Source: U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
Mar 2021
In "Moore's Law for Everything," Sam Altman proposes an annual 2.5 percent tax on the market value of large companies (paid in shares) and on privately held land, distributed to all adult citizens. It is a capital-ownership dividend, not wage income.
Source: Sam Altman
Mar 2021
Recipients of $500 a month in Stockton, California moved from part-time to full-time work at more than twice the rate of the control group in the first year of the 125-person pilot.
Source: CBS News
Mar 11, 2021
Public Law 117-2 is approved on March 11, 2021; its table of contents includes Sec. 9611, child tax credit improvements for 2021.
Source: GovInfo (U.S. Government Publishing Office)
Jun 29, 2021
GitHub, with OpenAI, previews Copilot, an "AI pair programmer" built on OpenAI Codex that suggests whole lines or functions as developers type.
Source: GitHub Blog
Oct 18, 2021
The SEC staff report on early 2021 market structure examines GameStop's January meme stock surge and flags payment for order flow, digital engagement practices, dark pools and short selling for further study.
Source: U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
Dec 9, 2021
Workers at the Elmwood Avenue Starbucks in Buffalo, New York vote 19 to 8 to unionize with Workers United.
Source: PBS NewsHour
Jan 4, 2022
BLS reports 4.5 million quits in November 2021, a series high up 370,000 from October, with a quits rate of 3.0 percent.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
Mar 4, 2022
Ouyang and coauthors fine-tune GPT-3 with human feedback; raters prefer outputs from the 1.3 billion parameter InstructGPT model to those of the 175 billion parameter GPT-3, despite 100x fewer parameters.
Source: arXiv
Apr 1, 2022
The NLRB tally for the Staten Island JFK8 building shows 2,654 votes for the Amazon Labor Union and 2,131 against among 8,325 eligible voters.
Source: National Labor Relations Board
Aug 9, 2022
Division A of Public Law 117-167, the CHIPS Act of 2022, is approved on August 9, 2022 with Section 102 appropriations that add up to $52.7 billion across its funds.
Source: GovInfo (U.S. Government Publishing Office)
Aug 16, 2022
Public Law 117-169 is approved on August 16, 2022. Section 10201 taxes 1 percent of the fair market value of stock a covered corporation repurchases, for repurchases after December 31, 2022.
Source: GovInfo (U.S. Government Publishing Office)
Dec 15, 2022
Anthropic researchers train a harmless AI assistant through self-improvement, with human oversight given only as a list of rules or principles, the method they call Constitutional AI.
Source: arXiv
Jan 23, 2023
Microsoft announces the third phase of its partnership with OpenAI, a multiyear, "multibillion dollar" investment that makes Azure the exclusive cloud provider for all OpenAI workloads.
Source: Microsoft
Feb 24, 2023
Meta releases LLaMA in 7B, 13B, 33B and 65B sizes, trained on up to 1.4 trillion tokens, under a noncommercial license granted case by case to research groups.
Source: Meta AI
Mar 15, 2023
OpenAI reports GPT-4, a multimodal model that accepts image and text inputs and passes a simulated bar exam with a score around the top 10% of test takers.
Source: arXiv
Mar 17, 2023
The paper estimates about 80 percent of US workers could have at least 10 percent of their tasks affected by large language models and about 19 percent could have at least half affected.
Source: arXiv
Apr 2023
NBER Working Paper 31161 finds an AI assistant raised customer support agents' issues resolved per hour by about 14 percent on average and by 34 percent for novice and low-skilled workers.
Source: National Bureau of Economic Research
Apr 2023
Goldman estimates generative AI could add about 7 percent (about $7 trillion) to global GDP over 10 years, with 300 million full-time jobs exposed.
Source: Goldman Sachs
May 30, 2023
Nvidia becomes the first chipmaker valued above $1 trillion after a revenue forecast beat analyst expectations by more than 50 percent; TSMC, the next largest chipmaker, was worth about $535 billion.
Source: Business Today (Reuters)
Aug 22, 2023
UPS Teamsters ratified a five-year national contract covering more than 340,000 workers, with 86.3 percent of voting members in favor. The deal raises existing full- and part-time workers $2.75 an hour in 2023 and $7.50 an hour over the life of the contract.
Source: International Brotherhood of Teamsters
Sep 18, 2023
At the AI Safety roundtable (U.S. Senate AI Insight Forum), Musk says he wouldn't call it universal basic income, it is probably universal high income. The brief says to verify against the primary video.
Source: Scott Santens
Sep 19, 2023
Anthropic describes an independent Trust of five financially disinterested Trustees that holds Class T stock and can elect and remove a growing share of the board, a governance experiment for a public benefit corporation.
Source: Anthropic
Sep 27, 2023
The 146-day WGA strike ends at 12:01 am under a tentative deal that bars AI from writing or rewriting literary material and makes writers' use of AI voluntary.
Source: Nerdtropolis
Oct 26, 2023
The deal ending the Ford strike raises base wages 25 percent through 2028, lifts the top wage above 30 percent to $40 an hour, sets a $28 start wage, restores COLA and eliminates wage tiers.
Source: The Drive
Oct 30, 2023
The order says AI should not "undermine rights, worsen job quality" and directs the Council of Economic Advisers and the Labor Department to report within 180 days on AI's labor-market effects and support for displaced workers.
Source: The White House (Biden archive)
Nov 1, 2023
At the UK's AI Safety Summit, 28 countries and the European Union, the United States and China among them, declare that frontier AI carries potential for serious, even catastrophic, harm.
Source: GOV.UK
Nov 2, 2023
At the UK AI Safety Summit in London, Musk says "We won't have universal basic income. We'll have universal high income," and that a point will come where no job is needed.
Source: Fortune
Nov 17, 2023
The board removes Altman on November 17, 2023; 745 of OpenAI's 770 employees later sign a letter demanding his return, and he is reinstated within days. Wikipedia is the only source fetched for this event.
Source: Wikipedia
Dec 2023
Lump-sum recipients had 19 percent more businesses and about 80 percent higher net business revenue than those paid the same amount monthly, with no clear rise in local prices.
Source: WUSF (NPR)
Dec 5, 2023
Members ratify the deal with 78.33 percent in favor. It requires consent and pay for employment-based digital replicas but does not ban training AI on performances.
Source: DLA Piper
Dec 11, 2023
The first partnership of its kind between a labor organization and a tech company on AI includes a neutrality framework for organizing; AFL-CIO polling found 70 percent of workers worry about being replaced by AI.
Source: Microsoft
Dec 25, 2023
Musk posts: "There will be universal high income, not basic, in a positive AI future." The brief says to verify on x.com.
Source: Tax Project Institute
Dec 27, 2023
The Times alleges more than 66 million of its records were used to train AI models and seeks to hold the companies liable for "the billions of dollars in statutory and actual damages."
Source: Engadget
Jan 14, 2024
IMF staff analysis finds almost 40 percent of global employment is exposed to AI, and about 60 percent of jobs in advanced economies may be impacted.
Source: International Monetary Fund
Jan 30, 2024
Chancellor McCormick rules Musk is not entitled to a package potentially worth more than $55 billion, calling the approval process "deeply flawed."
Source: FOX 29
Feb 27, 2024
Klarna reports its assistant handled 2.3 million chats, about two-thirds of customer service chats, in its first month, equal to roughly 700 full-time staff and a $40 million profit gain for 2024.
Source: Klarna
Apr 1, 2024
The $20 hourly minimum takes effect for about 500,000 fast-food workers, with a Fast Food Council able to raise it each year by up to the lesser of 3.5 percent or CPI.
Source: Office of Governor Gavin Newsom
Apr 23, 2024
The FTC's final rule would void most noncompetes; it estimates about 30 million workers are bound by one and earnings would rise $524 a year. A court blocked it on August 20, 2024 and the FTC moved to drop its appeal on September 5, 2025.
Source: Federal Trade Commission
May 2024
NBER w32487 estimates at most 0.66 percent TFP gain over 10 years from AI, and predicts AI will widen the gap between capital and labor income.
Source: NBER
May 17, 2024
SB 24-205 imposes a duty of care on developers and deployers of high-risk AI used in consequential decisions such as employment, with annual impact assessments and attorney general enforcement.
Source: The National Law Review
May 26, 2024
Musk's xAI announces a $6 billion Series B backed by Valor, Vy Capital, Andreessen Horowitz, Sequoia, Fidelity, Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal and Kingdom Holding.
Source: xAI
Jun 18, 2024
Nvidia's market value reaches $3.34 trillion, passing Microsoft at $3.32 trillion and Apple at $3.27 trillion.
Source: Fox Business
Aug 1, 2024
Regulation (EU) 2024/1689, published July 12, 2024, enters into force; penalties reach 7 percent of worldwide turnover or 35 million euros for prohibited practices, and most rules apply from August 2, 2026.
Source: A&O Shearman
Sep 20, 2024
Constellation signs a 20-year power purchase agreement with Microsoft that paves the way for restarting Three Mile Island Unit 1 to supply AI data centers.
Source: American Nuclear Society
Oct 2024
Dario Amodei describes "powerful AI" as a country of geniuses in a datacenter that could come as early as 2026, and a compressed 21st century of 50 to 100 years of biology progress in 5 to 10.
Source: Dario Amodei
Oct 8, 2024
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the 2024 physics prize to John Hopfield and Geoffrey Hinton for foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks.
Source: Nobel Prize
Oct 9, 2024
Demis Hassabis and John Jumper of Google DeepMind share half the 2024 chemistry prize for protein structure prediction with AlphaFold2; David Baker wins the other half for computational protein design.
Source: Nobel Prize
Nov 4, 2024
59 percent of voting members approve the fourth offer, which includes a 38 percent raise over four years; the strike began September 13.
Source: KVIA (AP)
2025
The 2025 dividend is $1,000, the lowest in five years and the smallest inflation-adjusted in the fund's history. The 2024 dividend was about $1,700.
Source: Alaska Public Media
Jan 8, 2025
The ILA says the contract through September 30, 2030 carries a 62 percent wage increase and protections against automation, the main sticking point after a three-day strike in October 2024; members ratified it with nearly 99 percent.
Source: gCaptain
Jan 21, 2025
OpenAI, Oracle, SoftBank and MGX plan to invest up to $500 billion in US AI infrastructure over four years, starting with $100 billion.
Source: The Register
Jan 22, 2025
DeepSeek-R1 argues reasoning can be learned through pure reinforcement learning without human-labeled reasoning examples, and that its patterns can improve smaller models.
Source: arXiv
Feb 10, 2025
About 57 percent of observed use is augmentation and 43 percent automation; 36 percent of occupations use AI for at least a quarter of tasks, and only about 4 percent for three quarters or more.
Source: Anthropic
Feb 24, 2025
Anthropic releases Claude Code, a command-line tool for handing larger coding jobs to Claude, as a limited research preview alongside Claude 3.7 Sonnet.
Source: Anthropic
Mar 27, 2025
The AI cloud provider prices 37.5 million Class A shares at $40 on the Nasdaq under CRWV; existing stockholders sell 910,000 of them.
Source: CoreWeave
Jun 2025
Meta invests $14.3 billion for 49 percent in non-voting shares and hires Alexandr Wang to lead a superintelligence lab; the structure may avoid the scrutiny of an outright acquisition.
Source: DeepLearning.AI (The Batch)
Jul 2025
A July 2025 report counts about 15,300 Microsoft job cuts in the first half of 2025, roughly 7 percent of staff, as the company invests $80 billion in AI infrastructure; secondary source.
Source: CO/AI
Jul 4, 2025
Public Law 119-21 is approved on July 4, 2025; its table of contents lists Sec. 70204, Trump accounts and contribution pilot program.
Source: GovInfo (U.S. Government Publishing Office)
Jul 9, 2025
Nvidia is the first publicly traded company to reach a $4 trillion market value, passing Apple (about $3.9 trillion at the start of 2025) and Microsoft (about $3.75 trillion).
Source: Business Today
Jul 23, 2025
The plan lists more than 90 federal actions, including faster permits for data centers and chip plants and training for skilled trades such as electricians.
Source: The White House
Aug 2025
Trump confirms the deal, which converts $8.9 billion of CHIPS Act and Secure Enclave funding into shares; Intel had already received $2.2 billion in CHIPS grants.
Source: ICT Business
Sep 2, 2025
The Series F is led by ICONIQ; Anthropic says run-rate revenue passed $5 billion by August 2025, up from about $1 billion at the start of the year.
Source: Anthropic
Sep 2, 2025
Marc Benioff says support headcount fell from about 9,000 to about 5,000 over eight months and that AI now handles half of customer interactions; the figures are his own statements.
Source: Outlook Business
Sep 5, 2025
Anthropic agrees to pay $1.5 billion plus interest to settle claims it downloaded pirated books to train its models; the court gave preliminary approval on September 25, 2025.
Source: Authors Guild
Sep 22, 2025
A letter of intent has OpenAI building at least 10 gigawatts of AI data centers on Nvidia systems, with the investment released in stages as each gigawatt comes online.
Source: Engadget
Sep 29, 2025
SB 53 requires large frontier developers to publish safety frameworks, creates the CalCompute public computing consortium and protects whistleblowers.
Source: Office of Governor Gavin Newsom
Oct 2025
In a 6 gigawatt GPU partnership, AMD issues OpenAI a warrant for up to 160 million AMD shares that vests in tranches tied to deployments and share-price targets.
Source: StorageNewsletter
Oct 28, 2025
Amazon cuts roughly 4 percent of its corporate workforce, citing bureaucracy and layers; CEO Andy Jassy had said in June that generative AI would shrink the corporate workforce.
Source: NBC New York
Oct 28, 2025
Microsoft will hold about 27 percent of OpenAI Group PBC, valued at roughly $135 billion, and OpenAI contracts an additional $250 billion of Azure services.
Source: Microsoft
Oct 29, 2025
Nvidia passes $5 trillion a day after Jensen Huang cited $500 billion in expected AI chip orders; it crossed $4 trillion about four months earlier.
Source: Entrepreneur
Nov 6, 2025
More than 75 percent of votes back stock awards tied to targets including 20 million vehicles and 1 million humanoid robots, which could lift Musk's stake to nearly 30 percent.
Source: FOX 7 Austin
Dec 2, 2025
The gift funds $250 deposits for at least 25 million children; Treasury separately deposits $1,000 for eligible births from 2025 through 2028.
Source: KVIA (CNN)
Dec 11, 2025
The order creates an AI Litigation Task Force and ties some federal funding to states not enforcing "onerous" AI laws, while seeking a federal preemption statute.
Source: Manatt
2026
BLS nonfarm business labor share was 52.8 percent in Q2 2026, the lowest since the series began in 1947.
Source: BLS
2026
The 401(k) elective deferral limit rises to $24,500 and the IRA limit to $7,500 for 2026.
Source: IRS
Jan 8, 2026
Employers announced 1,206,374 cuts in 2025; AI was cited for 54,836 of them and for 71,825 since Challenger began tracking the reason in 2023.
Source: Challenger, Gray & Christmas
Feb 17, 2026
The Series G is led by GIC and Coatue and more than doubles the $183 billion Series F valuation.
Source: Orrick
Feb 18, 2026
BLS reports a union membership rate of 10.0 percent for 2025, little changed from the prior year.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
Apr 30, 2026
Amazon plans about $200 billion, Microsoft about $190 billion, Alphabet $180 to $190 billion and Meta $125 to $145 billion, nearly double 2025 spending.
Source: Sherwood News
Jun 4, 2026
Members approve the TV/Theatrical agreement 91.42 percent to 8.58 percent; producers may use AI performers only if they offer "significant additional value" over a live actor.
Source: LAmag
Jun 12, 2026
SpaceX prices at $135, raises about $75 billion in the largest IPO ever and closes its first day at $160.95; a market value near $1.8 trillion leaves Musk on paper above $1 trillion.
Source: IPOScoop
Aug 2026
Using ADP payroll data, the paper finds a relative employment decline for workers aged 22 to 25 in the most AI-exposed jobs: 13 percent below trend in the Aug 2025 version, about 19 percent in the Aug 2026 revision, mostly through reduced hiring. No economy-wide displacement; the authors say it is descriptive, not causal.
Source: Stanford Digital Economy Lab
Sep 26, 2026
Fairlie and Wu find no significant increase in summer 2026 unemployment for bachelor's holders aged 22 to 25 relative to older graduates or non-graduates, while noting it does not cover wages or hiring patterns.
Source: Let's Data Science

Forecastafter now · 16

2027Forecast
The IMF October 2026 World Economic Outlook projects global growth slowing to 3.1% in 2026, then rising to 3.4% in 2027, citing strong AI investment as a support and an AI expectations reset as a downside risk.
Source: International Monetary Fund, World Economic OutlookPublished Oct 13, 2026
Aug 2, 2027Forecast
Providers of general-purpose AI models placed on the EU market before 2 August 2025 must be compliant with the AI Act by 2 August 2027 (Article 111(3)). A scheduled policy date.
Source: EU Artificial Intelligence Act implementation timeline (Future of Life Institute)Published Aug 31, 2026
Aug 2, 2028Forecast
Chapter III requirements start applying to AI systems classified as high-risk under Article 6(1) and Annex I on 2 August 2028. A scheduled policy date.
Source: EU Artificial Intelligence Act implementation timeline (Future of Life Institute)Published Aug 31, 2026
2030Forecast
CBO's February 2026 outlook projects debt held by the public surpassing the 106% of GDP record set after World War II by fiscal year 2030.
Source: Congressional Budget Office, The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2026 to 2036Published Feb 11, 2026
2030Forecast
The IEA Energy and AI report's Base Case sees global data centre electricity consumption more than doubling to around 945 TWh by 2030, slightly more than Japan's total consumption in 2024.
Source: International Energy Agency, Energy and AIPublished Apr 10, 2025
2030Forecast
Electricity 2026 forecasts global demand rising at an average annual rate of 3.6% over 2026 to 2030, with emerging economies accounting for nearly 80% of additional consumption.
Source: International Energy Agency, Electricity 2026Published Feb 6, 2026
2030Forecast
The IEA Base Case has US data centre consumption rising by around 240 TWh, up 130% from the 2024 level, by 2030.
Source: International Energy Agency, Energy and AIPublished Apr 10, 2025
2030Forecast
The World Economic Forum Future of Jobs Report 2025 projects job creation equal to 14% of current employment (170 million) and displacement of 8% (92 million) over 2025 to 2030, with 40% of employers expecting to cut staff where AI can automate tasks.
Source: World Economic Forum, The Future of Jobs Report 2025Published Jan 7, 2025
Oct 2032Forecast
The 2026 Trustees Reports project OASI Trust Fund reserves depleted in the fourth quarter of 2032, after which income would cover 78% of scheduled benefits.
Source: Social Security and Medicare Boards of Trustees, 2026 SummaryPublished Jun 9, 2026
Apr 2033Forecast
The 2026 Trustees Reports project the Medicare HI Trust Fund depleted in the second quarter of 2033, with income then covering 89% of scheduled benefits.
Source: Social Security and Medicare Boards of Trustees, 2026 SummaryPublished Jun 9, 2026
Jul 2034Forecast
If OASI and DI were combined, reserves would be depleted in the third quarter of 2034, with 83% of scheduled benefits payable, per the 2026 Trustees Reports.
Source: Social Security and Medicare Boards of Trustees, 2026 SummaryPublished Jun 9, 2026
2035Forecast
BLS projects the computing infrastructure, data processing and web hosting industry to grow 25.1% (120,400 jobs) over 2025 to 2035 on accelerated AI adoption, with data scientists up 34.6%.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections 2025-2035Published Aug 27, 2026
2035Forecast
BLS Employment Projections 2025 to 2035 see total jobs rising 3.5% to 176.2 million, while office and administrative support falls 4.0% (752,100 jobs), partly from automation tools including AI.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections 2025-2035Published Aug 27, 2026
2035Forecast
The IEA Energy and AI Base Case sees global data centre electricity consumption rising to around 1,200 TWh by 2035.
Source: International Energy Agency, Energy and AIPublished Apr 10, 2025
2036Forecast
CBO's February 2026 outlook projects debt held by the public rising to 120% of GDP in 2036, above any level on record.
Source: Congressional Budget Office, The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2026 to 2036Published Feb 11, 2026
2085Forecast
The UN World Population Prospects 2024 projects world population peaking at approximately 10.3 billion in the mid-2080s (shown here as 2085, standing in for the mid-2080s), with an 80% likelihood that the peak falls within this century.
Source: United Nations, World Population Prospects 2024Published Jul 11, 2024

End of the timeline

Now

The record stops here and the forecasts begin. This is where i/accum tracks the shift as it happens.

Chronicle · i/accum